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Profile updated on 8 September 2017

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

IDENTIFICATION

SCIENTIFIC NAME(s)

Xiphias gladius

SPECIES NAME(s)

Swordfish

In the north Pacific Ocean there are two stocks of swordfish. The populations are separated by a diagonal boundary that runs from Baja California to the Equator (ISCBWG 2014). Within the eastern Pacific Ocean there are two stocks of swordfish: northeastern Pacific Ocean and southeastern Pacific Ocean (IATTC 2017). Within the north Pacific EPO region, swordfish are assessed as a stock from the area north of 100N and west of 1400 W (IATTC 2017).

RELATED LINKS:

ANALYSIS

Strengths
  • The biomas of swordfish in the northeastern Pacific Ocean is healthy and fishing mortality rates are stable.
  • The biomass is not expected to decline at current fishing levels.
Weaknesses
  • There are no formally adopted target reference points or harvest control rules in place.
  • There is low observer coverage (5%) on longline vessels operating in the IATTC Convention Area.
  • There are issues with bycatch of sea turtles, sea birds, sharks and other fish species in longline fisheries.
  • Public information on complinace with IATTC management measures is not availalbe.

FISHSOURCE SCORES

Management Quality:

Management Strategy:

< 6

Managers Compliance:

≥ 6

Fishers Compliance:

≥ 6

Stock Health:

Current
Health:

10

Future Health:

≥ 8

RECOMMENDATIONS

RETAILERS & SUPPLY CHAIN
  • Work with IATTC Members and Cooperating Non-Members (CPCs) to:
    • Prioritize North Pacific swordfish in the Strategic Science Plan 2019-2023 and conduct a stock assessment and evaluate potential reference points during this period.
    • Support improved catch, effort, discard and biological data reporting at the national and IATTC level for target and bycatch species, including through measures such as electronic logbooks from all fleet segments of the fishery.
    • Increase compliance with the mandatory minimum 5% longline observer coverage rates by identifying and correcting non-compliance. Aim to increase longline observer coverage rates to a minimum of 20% within 5 years and with a long-term goal of 100% (which could include electronic and human observers) on vessels greater than 20 meters length.
  • Identify and mandate the use of best practice bycatch mitigation techniques such as those outlined in the Best Practices in Tuna Longline Fisheries Report.
  • Ensure all products are traceable back to legal sources. Verify source information and full chain traceability through traceability desk audits or third party traceability certification. For fisheries without robust traceability systems in place, invest in meaningful improvements to bring the fisheries and supply chain in compliance with best practices.

FIPS

  • Hawaii tuna and large pelagics - longline:

    Stage 5, Progress Rating B

CERTIFICATIONS

No related MSC fisheries

Fisheries

Within FishSource, the term "fishery" is used to indicate each unique combination of a flag country with a fishing gear, operating within a particular management unit, upon a resource. That resource may have a known biological stock structure and/or may be assessed at another level for practical or jurisdictional reasons. A fishery is the finest scale of resolution captured in FishSource profiles, as it is generally the scale at which sustainability can most fairly and practically be evaluated.

Fisheries
ASSESSMENT UNIT MANAGEMENT UNIT FLAG COUNTRY FISHING GEAR
Northeast Pacific IATTC China Longlines
Costa Rica Drifting longlines
Ecuador Drifting longlines
Korea, Republic of Hooks and lines
Mexico Drifting longlines
Nicaragua Drifting longlines
United States Buoy gear
Longlines

Analysis

OVERVIEW

Last updated on 17 August 2018

Strengths
  • The biomas of swordfish in the northeastern Pacific Ocean is healthy and fishing mortality rates are stable.
  • The biomass is not expected to decline at current fishing levels.
Weaknesses
  • There are no formally adopted target reference points or harvest control rules in place.
  • There is low observer coverage (5%) on longline vessels operating in the IATTC Convention Area.
  • There are issues with bycatch of sea turtles, sea birds, sharks and other fish species in longline fisheries.
  • Public information on complinace with IATTC management measures is not availalbe.
RECOMMENDATIONS

Last updated on 6 August 2018

Recommendations to Retailers & Supply Chain
  • Work with IATTC Members and Cooperating Non-Members (CPCs) to:
    • Prioritize North Pacific swordfish in the Strategic Science Plan 2019-2023 and conduct a stock assessment and evaluate potential reference points during this period.
    • Support improved catch, effort, discard and biological data reporting at the national and IATTC level for target and bycatch species, including through measures such as electronic logbooks from all fleet segments of the fishery.
    • Increase compliance with the mandatory minimum 5% longline observer coverage rates by identifying and correcting non-compliance. Aim to increase longline observer coverage rates to a minimum of 20% within 5 years and with a long-term goal of 100% (which could include electronic and human observers) on vessels greater than 20 meters length.
  • Identify and mandate the use of best practice bycatch mitigation techniques such as those outlined in the Best Practices in Tuna Longline Fisheries Report.
  • Ensure all products are traceable back to legal sources. Verify source information and full chain traceability through traceability desk audits or third party traceability certification. For fisheries without robust traceability systems in place, invest in meaningful improvements to bring the fisheries and supply chain in compliance with best practices.

1.STOCK STATUS

STOCK ASSESSMENT

Last updated on 17 August 2018

Information on the status of swordfish in the northeastern Pacific Ocean is updated in the annual Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission Fishery Status Report (IATTC 2017).

SCIENTIFIC ADVICE

Last updated on 17 August 2018

At current levels of fishing effort, there is little risk of the biomass falling below 40% of unfished levels (IATTC 2017).

Reference Points

Parameter          Value

B/BMSY            > 1.50 

F/FMSY             <1

(IATTC 2017)

CURRENT STATUS

Last updated on 18 July 2018

North Pacific stock of swordfish is currently not overfished and overfishing is not occurring. The biomass of swordfish in the northeastern Pacific Ocean was estimated to be more than 50% of unexploited levels during the first stock assessment (IATTC 2017).

 

 

2.MANAGEMENT QUALITY

MANAGEMENT

Last updated on 17 August 2018

There are no management measures in place for swordfish in the northwest Pacific under the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission or Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission.

Recovery Plans

There is no recovery plan in place for swordfish in the northeast Pacifi but their population is currently considered to be healthy (IATTC 2017).

Costa Rica
Drifting longlines

Last updated on 22 May 2012

Collection of data on incidental and direct catches of sea turtles in the EPO tuna fisheries (IATTC Resolution C—4-07 to mitigate impact of tuna fishing on sea turtles) (IATTC 2004).

IATTC Resolution C-04-05 to reduce bycatch and release all sea turtles caught as accidental bycatch in EPO tuna fisheries (IATTC 2006).

Nicaragua
Drifting longlines

Last updated on 27 December 2010

Collection of data on incidental and direct catches of sea turtles in the EPO tuna fisheries (IATTC Resolution C—4-07 to mitigate impact of tuna fishing on sea turtles) (IATTC 2004).

IATTC Resolution C-04-05 to reduce bycatch and release all sea turtles caught as accidental bycatch in EPO tuna fisheries (IATTC 2006).

COMPLIANCE

Last updated on 1 August 2012

The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), and Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, which manage swordfish in the northeast Pacific, has adopted some compliance monitoring and enforcement measures but the success of these measures is often difficult to determine.

3.ENVIRONMENT AND BIODIVERSITY

BYCATCH
ETP Species

Last updated on 1 August 2012

Several species of protected sea turtles are encountered in the south Pacific longline fishery that captures swordfish.

Other Species

Last updated on 1 August 2012

Several species of tunas, sharks, billfish and other fish are caught as bycatch species in the northeast Pacific swordfish longline fishery.

Costa Rica
Drifting longlines

Last updated on 22 May 2012

There is incidental mortality of many marine mammals such as sea turtles (leatherback and olive ridley), spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata), spinner dolphins (S. longirostris), and common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (FAO 2011). Other bycatch repoted in Eastern Pacific Ocean longline fisheries include silky sharks and Oceanic whitetip sharks. A hook-exchange and observer program is in place in Nicaragua and other EPO countries to reduce bycatch of sea turtles (FAO 2011).

Nicaragua
Drifting longlines

Last updated on 27 December 2010

There is incidental mortality of many marine mammals such as sea turtles (leatherback and olive ridley), spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata), spinner dolphins (S. longirostris), and common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean (FAO 2011). Other bycatch repoted in Eastern Pacific Ocean longline fisheries include silky sharks and Oceanic whitetip sharks. A hook-exchange and observer program is in place in Nicaragua and other EPO countries to reduce bycatch of sea turtles (FAO 2011).

HABITAT

Last updated on 1 August 2012

The impact of pelagic longlines on bottom habitats is minimal.

Marine Reserves

There are no marine reserves for the swordfish longline fishery in the northeast Pacific Ocean.

FishSource Scores

Last updated on 17 September 2018

SELECT SCORES

MANAGEMENT QUALITY

As calculated for 2018 data.

The score is < 6.

There is no specific target fishing mortality rate (or equivalent) set

As calculated for 2018 data.

The score is ≥ 6.

The stock is NOT managed through quotas or TACs but current fishing mortality rates are considered sustainable

As calculated for 2018 data.

The score is ≥ 6.

Total estimated catch, including estimates for non-reported landings, are below an advised catch levels issued by the scientific body conducting the stock

STOCK HEALTH:

As calculated for 2016 data.

The score is 10.0.

This measures the Ratio SSB/SSBmsy as a percentage of the SSBmsy.

The Ratio SSB/SSBmsy is 1.50 . The SSBmsy is 1.00 ('000 t) .

The underlying Ratio SSB/SSBmsy/SSBmsy for this index is 150%.

As calculated for 2018 data.

The score is ≥ 8.

The scientific body conducting stock assessments notes that recent catch levels do not constitute a problem for stock condition.

To see data for biomass, please view this site on a desktop.
To see data for catch and tac, please view this site on a desktop.
To see data for fishing mortality, please view this site on a desktop.
No data available for recruitment
No data available for recruitment
To see data for management quality, please view this site on a desktop.
To see data for stock status, please view this site on a desktop.
DATA NOTES

Scores 1, 2, 3, and 4 and 5 were qualitatively assessed due to a lack of information. 

Download Source Data

Registered users can download the original data file for calculating the scores after logging in. If you wish, you can Register now.

Fishery Improvement Projects (FIPs)

SELECT FIP

Access FIP Public Report

Progress Rating: B
Evaluation Start Date: 1 Feb 2015
Type: Basic

Comments:

Progress rating  remains B 

1.
FIP Development
Aug 14
2.
FIP Launch
May 14
May 16
3.
FIP Implementation
Nov 17
4.
Improvements in Fishing Practices and Fishery Management
Jul 18
5.
Improvements on the Water
Aug 17
6.
MSC certification (optional)
— MSC certificate made public

Certifications

Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)

No related MSC certifications

Sources

Credits

SFP is grateful to the Global Sustainable Supply Chains for Marine Commodities (GMC) project for contributing to the development of this profile. GMC is an interregional initiative implemented by Ministries and Bureaus of Fisheries and Planning of Costa Rica, Ecuador, Indonesia and Philippines, with technical support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), facilitated by Sustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP) and funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF).

  1. BILL-WG. 2008 Report of the billfish working group special session. International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean. 12-14 November 2008, Pacific Islands Regional Office, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. ISC/08/BILLWG-SS/Report.
  2. BILL-WG. 2009a. Report of the billfish working group workshop, International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean. 3-10 February 2009. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. ISC/09/BILLWG-1/Report.
  3. BILL-WG. 2009b. Report of the billfish working group workshop, International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean.19-26 May 2009. Busan, Korea, USA. ISC/09/BILLWG-2/Report.
  4. BILL-WG. 2009c. Report of the billfish working group workshop, International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean. 30 November – 4 December 2009. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. ISC/09/BILLWG-3/Report.
  5. Courtney, D. L., and K. Piner. 2009. Preliminary age structured stock assessment of North Pacific swordfish (Xiphias gladius) with Stock Synthesis under two stock scenario. International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species in the North Pacific/Billfish, ISC/09/BILLWG-3/07.
  6. Ichinokawa, M., and J. Brodziak. 2008. Stock boundary between possible swordfish stocks in the northwest and southeast Pacific judged from fisheries data of Japanese longliners. International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species in the North Pacific/Billfish, ISC/08/BILLWG-2.5/04.
  7. ISC. 2010. Report of the Tenth Meeting of the International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean. Plenary Session. 21-26 July 2010, Victoria, B.C., Canada. International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean.
  8. Brodziak, J. 2010. Update of the production model assessment of the eastern Pacific swordfish stock (Xiphias gladius) in 2010. ISC/10/BILLWG-1/02. 35 pages. http://isc.ac.affrc.go.jp/pdf/BILL/BILL_Apr10_FINAL_WP02.pdf
  9. Clarke, S. 2011. A status snapshot of key shark species in the Western and Central Pacific and potential management options. Scientific Committee Seventh Regular Session, 9-17 August 2011, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. WCPFC-SC7-EB-WP-04. 37 p.EB-WP-04__A_Status_Snapshot_of_key_shark_species_.pdf
  10. Collette, B., Acero, A., Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C., Cardenas, G., et al. 2011d. Acanthocybium solandri. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/170331/0
  11. Collette, B., Acero, A., Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C.,et al. 2011b. Makaira nigricans. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/summary/170314/0
  12. Collette, B., Acero, A., Amorim, A.F., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C., et al. 2011c. Coryphaena hippurus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/154712/0
  13. Collette, B., Acero, A., Canales Ramirez, C., Carpenter, K.E., Di Natale, A., Fox, W., Miyabe, N., Montano Cruz, R., Nelson, R., Schaefer, K., Serra, R., Sun, C., Uozumi, Y. & Yanez, E. 2011a. Istiompax indica. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/170312/0
  14. Courtney, D., Piner, K. 2010. Age Structured Stock Assessment of North Pacific Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) with Stock Synthesis under a Two Stock Scenario, Working document submitted to the ISC Billfish Working Group Workshop, 15-22 April 2010, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan, 85 pages.http://isc.ac.affrc.go.jp/pdf/BILL/BILL_Apr10_FINAL_WP01.pdf
  15. Davies, N., Hoyle, S., Harley, S., Langley, A., Kleiber, P., and Hampton, J. 2011. Stock assessment of bigeye tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. Scientific Committee Seventh Regular Session, 9-17 August, 2011, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. WCPFC-SC7-2011/SA-WP-02. 133 p.SC7-SA-WP-02__BET_Assessment_.pdf
  16. Gilman, E., Chaloupka, M., Read, A., Dalzell, P., Holetschek, J., Curtice, C. 2012. Hawaii longline tuna fishery temporal trends in standardized catch rates and length distributions and effects on pelagic and seamount ecosystems. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 22: 446-488.https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxwdWJsaWNhdGlvbnNlcmljZ2lsbWFufGd4OjUwZjVlMjliYmMxMTAzZWE
  17. Gilman, E., Pasfield, K. and Nakamura, K. 2013. Performance of regional fisheries management organizations: ecosystem-based governance of bycatch and discards. Fish and Fisheries DOI:10.1111/faf.12021F_F_2013_Gilman-et_RFMO_bcatch_governance_via_EAFM.pdf
  18. Hoyle, S., Kleiber, P., Davies, N., Langley, A. and Hampton, J. 2011. Stock assessment of skipjack tuna in the western and central Pacific Ocean. Scientific Committee Seventh Regular Session, 9-17 August, 2011, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. WCPFC-SC7-2011/SA-WP-04. 134 p.SC-7-SA-WP-04__SKJ_Assessment-rev1_.pdf
  19. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC). 2004. Resolution on the establishment of a vessel monitoring system (VMS). Resolution c-04-06, 72nd Reunion, Lima Peru.http://www.iattc.org/PDFFiles2/Resolutions/C-04-06-Vessel-monitoring-system.pdf
  20. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC). 2005. Resolution to establish a list of vessels presumed to have carried out illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activities in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Resolution C-05-07. 73rd Meeting, Lanzarote, Spain, 20-24 June 2005.http://www.iattc.org/PDFFiles2/Resolutions/C-05-07-IUU-Vessel-list.pdf
  21. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC). 2006. Consolidated resolution on bycatch. Resolution C-04-05 (Rev 2). 74th Meeting, Pusan, Korea. 26-30 June 2006.http://www.iattc.org/PDFFiles2/Resolutions/C-04-05-REV-2-Bycatch-Jun-2006.pdf
  22. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC). 2011b. Resolution to mitigate the impact on seabirds of fishing for species covered by the IATTC. Resolution C-11-02. 82nd Meeting, La Jolla, CA, 4-8 2011. http://www.iattc.org/PDFFiles2/Resolutions/C-11-02-Seabirds.pdf
  23. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC). 2011. Resolution on the process for improved compliance of resolutions adopted by the Commission. Resolution C-11-07. 82nd Meeting, La Jolla, CA, 4-8 July 2011.http://www.iattc.org/PDFFiles2/Resolutions/C-11-07-Compliance.pdf
  24. ISC Albacore Working Group. 2011. Stock assessment of albacore tuna in the North Pacific Ocean in 2011. Scientific Committee Seventh Regular Session, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, 9-17, August 2011. WCPFC-SC7-2011/SA-WP-10SC-7-SA-WP-10__NP_albacore_assessment_.pdf
  25. Kleiber, P., Clarke, S., Bigelow, K., Nakano, H., McAllister, M. and Takeuichi, Y. 2009. North Pacific blue shark stock assessment. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-PIFSC-17. 83 p.north_pac_blue_shark.pdf
  26. Langley, A., Hoyle, S. and Hampton, J. 2011. Stock assessment of yellowfin tuna in the Western and Central pacific Ocean. Scientific Committee Seventh Regular Session, 9-17 August 2011, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. WCPFC-SC7-2011/SA-WP-03. 135p.SC7-SA-WP-03__Yellowfin_tuna_stock_assessment-rev.1_-_03Aug2011_.pdf
  27. Langley, A., Hoyle, S. and Hampton, J. 2011. Stock assessment of yellowfin tuna in the Western and Central pacific Ocean. Scientific Committee Seventh Regular Session, 9-17 August 2011, Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia. WCPFC-SC7-2011/SA-WP-03. 135p.SC7-SA-WP-03__Yellowfin_tuna_stock_assessment-rev.1_-_03Aug2011_.pdf
  28. Lawson, T. 2001. Observer data held by the Oceanic Fisheries Programme covering tuna fishery bycatches in the western and central Pacific Ocean. 14th Meeting of the the Standing Committee on Tuna and Billfish, 9-16 August 2001, Numea, New Caledonia. SWG-9. 42 p.SWG_9.pdf
  29. Lee, H., Piner, K.R., Humphreys, R. and Brodziak, J. 2012. Stock assessment of striped marlin in the western and central North Pacific Ocean in 2011. Report of the Billfish Working Group Stock Assessment Workshop. International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean. http://isc.ac.affrc.go.jp/pdf/Stock_assessment/ISC-BILLWG%202011%20Stock%20Assessment%20of%20Striped%20Marlin.pdf
  30. Molony, B. 2005. Estimates of the mortality of non-target species with an initial focus on seabirds, turtles and sharks. First meeting of the Scientific Committee of the western and central Pacific Fisheries Commission, 9-19 August 2005. WCPFC-SC1. 84 p.wcp_bycatch.pdf
  31. Oceanic Fisheries Programme. 2010. Non-target species interactions with the tuna fisheries of the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. Scientific Committee Sixth Regular Session, 10-19 August, 2010, Nuku'alofa, Tonga. 59 p.WCPFC-SC6-2010-EB-IP-08_Non_target_spp_interactions.pdf
  32. Oceanic Fisheries Programme (OFP). 2012a. Estimates of annual catches in the WCPFC statistical area. Scientific Committee Eighth Regular Session, 7-15 August 2012, Busan, Republic of Korea. WCPFC-SC8-2012/ST IP-1.SC8-WCPFC8-05-Tuna-Fishery-Assess-Report-2010-modified-WCPFC8-2011-IP-02.pdf
  33. Passfield, K., Gilman, E. (2010) Effects of Pelagic Longline Fishing on Seamount Ecosystems based on Interviews with Pacific Island Fishers. Technical Report produced under the Global Environment Facility Oceanic Fisheries Management Project. International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pelagic_longline_seamount_iucn_final__june_20_2010__3_.pdf
  34. Rice, J. and Harley, S. 2012a. Stock assessment of silky sharks in the western and central Pacific Ocean. Scientific Committee Eighth Regular Session, 7-15 August 2012, Busan, Republic of Korea. WCPFC-SC8-2012/SA-WP-07 Rev 1. 53 pg.SA-WP-07-Stock-Assessment-Silky-Shark-WCPO-Rev-1-_3-August-2012_.pdf
  35. Rice, J. and Harley, S. 2012b. Stock assessment of oceanic whitetop sharks in the western and central Pacific Ocean. Scientific Committee Eighth Regular Session, 7-15 August 2012. WCPFC-SC8-2012/SA-WP-06 Rev 1. 53 pg.SA-WP-06-Oceanic-Whitetip-Stock-Assessent-WCPO-Rev-1-_3-August-2012_.pdf
  36. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). 2006. Western and central Pacific fisheries commission boarding and inspection procedures. Conservation and Management Measure 2006-08. Third Regular Session, Apia, Samoa, 11-15 December 2006.WCPFC-CMM-2006-08.pdf
  37. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). 2008b. Conservation and management of sea turtles. Conservation and Management Measure 2008-03. Fifth Regular Session, 8-12 December 2008, Busan, Korea.WCPFC-CMM-2008-03.pdf
  38. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). 2010. Conservation and management measure to establish a list of vessels presumed to have carried out illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing activities in the WCPO. Conservation and Management Measure 2010-06. Seventh Regular Session, Honolulu, HI, 6-10 December 2010.WCPFC-CMM-2010-06.pdf
  39. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). 2012a. Conservation and management measure for compliance monitoring scheme. Conservation and Management Measure 2012-02. Commission Ninth Regular Session, Manila, Philippines, 2-6 December 2012.WCPFC-CMM-2012-02.pdf
  40. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). 2012b. Commission vessel monitoring system. Conservation and Management Measure 2011-02. Commission Eighth Regular Session, Tumon, Guam, 26-30 March 2012.WCPFC-CMM-2011-02.pdf
  41. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). 2012c. Conservation and management measure to mitigate the impact of fishing for highly migratory fish stocks on seabirds. Conservation and Management Measure 2012-07. Commission Ninth Regular Session, Manila, Philippines, 2-6 December 2012.WCPFC-CMM-2012-07.pdf
References

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